Most RO bids are uncomparable because the spec leaves blanks. The 10 lines that turn three quotes into a like-for-like comparison — and the clause that decides who eats the warranty risk.
Most RO membranes are replaced years too early. The trigger-based decision tree for cleaning vs replacing, with the chemistry that actually works for each fouling family.
Both EDI and mixed-bed polishers produce ultrapure water, but they get there differently and they cost differently. Here is the decision tree by industry, with the worked example for a 50 m³/h semiconductor UPW loop.
Every RO spec starts with the same six numbers. Miss one and your pump, membrane count and OPEX are all wrong. Here is the working list — and the 100 m³/h worked example.